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The ethicist Kathryn Lawson calls Arendt, Levinas and Weil as witnesses against Nolan's Odyssey: Homer's Odysseus feels no guilt for his violence, and that is not a defect but a warning. Fitting the hero with a conscience cuts away the story's ethical depth.
Entries for the Berggruen Institute's 100,000-dollar essay competition closed on 17 August. This year's subject is Karl Jaspers's notion of the Axial Age: is humanity once again on the hinge of history? For the first time the competition also accepted works of fiction.
Anthony Kenny, Cain Todd, David Charles, Tom Rockmore and Gabriele Taylor all died within a single month. Between them they stood for lines of work running from Aristotelian scholarship to German idealism, and from moral psychology to aesthetics.
Augustine died on 28 August 430 in Hippo, a city then under siege. Sixteen centuries later, a discovery announced this year has brought two previously unknown sermons of his to light. Goethe was born on the same day in 1749.
The scrolls carbonised by the eruption of Vesuvius in AD 79 have been read without being opened, using X-ray imaging and artificial intelligence. Some 70 columns of 'On Vices' by the Epicurean philosopher Philodemus have been deciphered.
